Battery powered bone tissue surgical equipment testing

A battery refers to a portion of the space in a cup, tank, or other container or composite container that contains an electrolyte solution and metal electrodes to generate electricity, and a device that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy. It can be divided into positive and negative electrodes. With the advancement of technology, batteries generally refer to small devices that can generate electricity. Like solar cells. The performance parameters of batteries mainly include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. By using batteries as an energy source, a current with stable voltage, stable current, long-term stable power supply, and minimal external influence can be obtained. The battery structure is simple, convenient to carry, easy to charge and discharge, and is not affected by external climate and temperature. Its performance is stable and reliable, and it plays a significant role in various aspects of modern social life. In a chemical battery, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is the result of spontaneous chemical reactions such as oxidation and reduction inside the battery, which occur on two electrodes. The negative electrode active material is composed of reducing agents with negative potential and stable in the electrolyte, such as active metals such as zinc, cadmium, lead, and hydrogen or hydrocarbons. The positive electrode active material is composed of oxidizing agents with positive potential and stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxygen-containing acids and their salts, etc. Electrolytes are materials with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is disconnected, although there is a potential difference (open circuit voltage) between the two poles, there is no current, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the action of the potential difference between the two electrodes. At the same time, within the battery, due to the absence of free electrons in the electrolyte, the transfer of charge is inevitably accompanied by the oxidation or reduction reaction between the polar active substance and the electrolyte interface, as well as the migration of reactants and reaction products. The transfer of charge in the electrolyte is also completed by the migration of ions. Therefore, the normal charge transfer and material transfer process inside the battery is a necessary condition to ensure the normal output of electrical energy. When charging, the direction of power and mass transfer inside the battery is exactly opposite to that of discharge; The electrode reaction must be reversible in order to ensure the normal process of mass and electricity transfer in the opposite direction. Therefore, reversible electrode reactions are a necessary condition for forming a battery. G is the increase in Gibbs reaction free energy (joules); F is the Faraday constant=96500 ku=26.8 ampere hours; N is the equivalent number of battery reactions. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reaction, and also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In fact, when current flows through the electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium electrode potential, which is called polarization. The greater the current density (the current passing through the unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization phenomenon is one of the important reasons for energy loss in batteries