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The methods for Shigella dysenteriae detection mainly include the following:

1. Stool culture

Principle: Collect stool samples from patients and culture them under sterile conditions to observe whether Shigella dysenteriae grows.

Operation: Place the collected stool samples on a specific culture medium, such as an S.S. plate or eosin-methylene blue plate, for culture. After culture, observe whether Shigella dysenteriae colonies grow on the culture medium, and make a preliminary identification based on the morphology, color, and other characteristics of the colonies.

Advantages: Directly observe bacterial growth and the results are more accurate.

Disadvantages: The culture time is long and requires professional laboratory conditions and operators.

2. Routine stool examination

Principle: Determine whether Shigella dysenteriae infection exists by directly observing indicators such as white blood cells and red blood cells in the stool, as well as whether there are abnormal substances such as pus.

Operation: Take an appropriate amount of stool sample for smearing and then observe under a microscope.

Advantages: Easy operation and quick preliminary results.

Disadvantages: Relatively low accuracy and easily interfered by other factors.

3. Routine blood test
Principle: Analyze the changes in the number of white blood cells in the blood to assist in the diagnosis of Shigella infection. If the white blood cell count increases, especially the increase in the proportion of neutrophils, it may indicate bacterial infection, including Shigella infection.
Operation: Draw venous blood samples from patients for routine blood analysis.
Advantages: Easy operation and quick results.
Disadvantages: It is impossible to directly determine whether it is a Shigella infection, and it is necessary to combine other test results for judgment.
4. PCR technology
Principle: Use the DNA amplification principle to quickly and specifically detect Shigella nucleic acid fragments. By extracting the total nucleic acid in the sample to be tested, and designing specific primers for multiple PCR reactions to amplify the target sequence, it is possible to determine whether Shigella exists.
Operation: Extract DNA from fecal samples, perform PCR amplification, and then analyze the amplification results.
Advantages: High sensitivity, strong specificity, and can quickly obtain results.
Disadvantages: Requires professional laboratory conditions and operators, and the cost is relatively high.
5. Serological test
Principle: Diagnose whether Shigella infection is caused by measuring the amount of specific antibodies in the blood. ELISA and other methods are usually used for detection.
Operation: Draw venous blood samples from patients, separate serum, and perform ELISA tests.
Advantages: It can detect the immune response in patients, which helps to determine whether it is a past or current infection.
Disadvantages: The pathogen itself cannot be directly detected, and it takes a certain amount of time for antibodies to be produced, so a positive result may not be obtained in the early stage of infection.
VI. Immunochromatography
Principle: A rapid detection method based on the principle of antigen-antibody reaction. The sample is combined with pre-labeled antibodies and antigens fixed on the test strip to form a visible strip to display the results.
Operation: Take an appropriate amount of stool sample or serum sample for immunochromatography.
Advantages: Easy operation, fast results, suitable for on-site testing.
Disadvantages: Accuracy may be affected by many factors, such as sample quality, operation technology, etc.
VII. Colonoscopy
Principle: It can directly observe the lesions of the colon and the terminal ileum, which helps to find possible lesions in the intestine. Although colonoscopy is not a direct method for detecting Shigella dysenteriae, it can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic method.
Operation: Under general anesthesia, a fiber hose with a micro camera is inserted into the anus and reversed into the large intestine for observation.
Advantages: It can visually observe intestinal lesions and help discover other intestinal diseases.
Disadvantages: It is an invasive examination and may cause discomfort and complications to patients.
In summary, there are many methods for detecting Shigella dysenteriae, and the appropriate method should be selected according to the specific situation of the patient and laboratory conditions. At the same time, the operating procedures and laboratory safety regulations should be strictly followed during the test to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test results.

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